	دانشجویان ادبیات انگلیسی دانشگاه رازی 86
	به نام خداوند گسترده مهر مهر افروز

In the name of God

Literary Schools By Bahram M Rashidy

This article is a very short review of developments of literature in Europe until the end of 19th century. To study developments of literature in Europe we must stady schools and movements which have appeared and disappeared throughout history because of various reasons. But what are schools, schools in literature are groups of writers or artists whose style of work are similar.

We haven’t had such classification in persian literature until “Malekoshoaraye Bahar” catergorised persian literature to four styles, as you know “Khorasani, Araghi, Hendi, Dowreye Bazgasht.” But in Europe at first we must start from “Ancient Greece” where western civilization started. The Greek with thrir brilliant culture have had a strong influence on Europe, but until 15th century church had absolute power in Europe and there were not any significant literature and artwork.

In this century a movement appeared in Italy called “Humanism” which brought back Greek rationalism and changed the christian impression of human to a good and trustable being and helped the advent. Of “Renaissance” which was the rise of modern world and a cultural rebirth. People schowed an interest in the ideas and culture of ancient Greece and Rome, Gutenberg invented printing and writers and anthors like “Dante Alighieri” with his book “Divine Comedy” had started a new era in literature. It was in 16th century that for the first time a specific style for literature appeared, “Classicisme”, it was a return to Greek and Roman art and literature. classicisme had some principles like following specific rules and previons writers, and showing reality. They focused on the nature, wisdom, the educative role of art and morality.

Actually this educative role of art was very controversial, considering a group of artists who said “Art for art's sake” in the following centuries. Classicisme was dominant style until18th century especially in France with writers Like. Moiere, Boileau and Racine. In England there wasn’t an obvious classicisme and it is usually called pre-romanticism period, however, John Milton whith his book “Paradise Lost” which is a long poem about the story of Adam and Eve and how they were driven out of the Garden of Eden is fomous.

As time passed people understood that they don’t have to follow some restrictive rules in literature. French philosopher Jeam Jacques Rousseou’s ideas had a great effect on artists, they said we can trust human senes and feeling as well as wisdom Societies were getting more complicated than before and monarchies were losing their power. Royal art of classicisme changed to a new style called “Romanticisim” which first started in Britain about the last decades of 18th century. Romanticism was partly influenced by the American and French revolutions. It’s main themes were imagination, feeling, the love of nature and interest in past. Classicist authors wanted to write about beauty and goodness but romanticist authors wanted to show both good and evil aspects of life. Classicists used Greek sources in their works but romanticists mostly used their national and christian elements. Two prominent British poets “Samuel Taylor coleridge” and “William Wordsworth” published their book “Lyrical Ballads” which introduced romanticsm to the world.

“Lord Byron”, British poet who was the greatest poet of his time was a leading figure in this movement. His work including “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” and “Don Juan”. He was an immoral person and died at 37.

Famous novels like “Wuthering heights” by “Emily Bronte” and “Frankenstein” by “Mary Shelley” have been written in this period. In Germany “Guthe” and “Schlegel brothers” and in France “Victor Hugo” and “Voltair” were very famons. Hugo who was the leader of this movent in France and called it "freedom of art".

In the middle of 19th century romanticism came to an end. People wanted to see reality and they were fed up with those sentimental writings. French novelist “Honore de Balzak” wrote stories which were the beginning of a new style, “Realism”. He portrayed his society with all its features. In romanticism, writer’s feelings were a part of story and imagination was more important than reality but realism threw away these features. When a realistic writer portays his society, it’s simple and easy to understand, it is usually about ordinarypeople. In France, “Honore de Balzac”, “Standhal” and “Gustave Flaubert” with his novel “Madame Bovary” which was considered as the bible of realism, were famons realistic authors. “Charles Dickens, Robert Luis Stevenson, Jack London and Ernest Hemingway” were Famous British and American realistic authors and in Russia which had a strong realism, “Feodor Dostoyovsky” writer of “Crime and punishment” and “Leo Tolstoy” writer of the greatest realistic russian novel “War and peace”. There was a kind of realism which was called scientific realism at first but later it became a new and dominant style called “Naturaism”. Naturalists were impressed with science at that time, books like “origin of specices” by “Darwin”. They were very pessimistic and most of the time they wrote about unequalities and the oppressed.

They believed human race is doomed to annihilation. There was a common mistake in 19th century, it was trusting in science of that time. They even thought steam engine will be the last invention. “Emile Zola” French writer was leader of this movement. His famons novel is “Germinal”. “Henric Ibsen” norwegian paywrite and American writer “John Steinbeck” are well-known naturalistic authors.

There was a group of poets who wanted to change dominant rules of poetry and by now they had found out that world is not so simple.

They had obtained eastern theosophy. They said that world is full of signs that we must interpret than. They established a movement called "Symbolism"0 “Charles Boudelair” who shocked the world with his poems “the flowers of evil” was one of the pioneers of this movement.

Symbolists confessed that human beings know nothing. They usually thought about death and human’s fears. Their plays and writings are about mysterious palaces in imaginary countries in unknown times. “Edgar Allan Poe” American poet was the best symbolistic author. His famous works are “The fall of house of usher”, “The pit and the pendulum” and “The murders in the rue morgue”. His poems are: “The Raven” and “Annabel Lee”. He invented modern detective story. “Ezra Pound” whose best-known poems are “The Cantos” and “William Butler Yeats” in Britain and in France “Stephen Mallarme” and “Paul Verain” and In Germany “Reiner Maria Rilke” were famous symbolistic authors. Both Poe and Rilke have had a strong effect on “Sadegh Hedayat”.

Twentieth Century:

Twentieth century started with war and disappointed theorists and intellectuals. It’s not so easy to write about schools in 20th century, they’re very complicated and some times are not distinguishable clearly. So I just name the most important ones with a short explaination.

- Impressionism: it was borrowed from painting and was about presenting thoughts as they appear to artist at a particular moment.

- Expressionism: in this school the artis’s subjective expression of inner experiences was emphasised and an inner feeling was expressed through a distorted expression of reality.

- Futurism: expressed values of machine age.

- Dadaism: a nihilistic movement based on irrationality and rejecting accepted laws of beauty.

- Surrealism: represented thoughts and dreams in a strange way. French poet “Andre Breton” developed it out of Dadaism and it was even more nihilistic than Dadaism.

- Existentialism: a philosophical movement assumed that every body is free and is responsible for what they do.

- Post–modernism: it is against established modernism and usually about absurdity of this world.

Bibliography

- مکتب های ادبی: رضا سید حسینی

- Literary Schools: Farah Yeganeh

+ نوشته شده در دوشنبه بیست و سوم اردیبهشت 1387time 21:39 by Amin Davoudi |

study skills

ارسال شده از:منا رشیدی

studying in English

motivation

a need or desire to achieve a certain goal

1.inside of u : hopes to do sth, or to be sb.

Purposes are individual and various ( a goal determines degree and direction of your study)

2.outside of u: grades

concentration=to focus your attention clearly and completely on a purpose

developing interest= 1.relationship between this subject and others

(physics and philosophy)(math and eco)(psycho and sociology)

2. importance of the subject to your general education

( understand modern world-measure your growth)

3.interest depends upon understanding

(keep an open mind-study regularly-seek help)

distraction= sth that takes your attention away

eliminate them by 1.place and time of study 2. keeping in good health 3.eyes examined 4. poor diet 5. stay up too late

place of study : 1.only used for studying 2. materials within easy reach

3. a good lamp

time of study : 1. courses depend upon on recitation study before class

2. courses depend upon study lectures after the class.

3. weekly review 4. at least 2 hours outside preparation

5. do not cram 6. trade time , don’t steal it.

using dictionary

authority of a dic : completeness-accuracy in reporting facts-recency of publication

desk dics : contain more than 100000 different words and other useful references and information

(آن 5 تا دیکشنری را برای احتیاط حفظ کنید)

Avoid : 1. a dic more than 10 or at most 15 years old.

2. small paper-covered dics.

3. native language to English dics

What a dic will tell u : 1. spelling 2. pronunciation 3. syllable division 4. derivations

5. meaning 6. part of speech 7. usage 8. synonym and antonyms 9. general info

صفحه 12

Personal names r arranged according to directory style . for example:

Jones, Arthur T.

را حفظ کنید guide word تعریف

Rules : 1. single vowel followed by a single consonant run+ing=running

2. single vowel followed by a single consonant if the stress remains at last syllable

begin+ing=beginning

3. changeable – noticeable- courageous

4. believe-chief ( receive-ceiling)

5. happy+est=happiest - gay+est= gayest

syllable division : 1. never divide words of one syllable 2. never a single letter left alone

pronunciation key : on the inside front or back cover.

Stress : is called the difference of emphasis / primary-secondary-weak

Etymology : the history of a word.

نکته مهم اینکه همه تمرینات از صفحه 37 تا آخر44 خیلی مهم اند.

(Summary dictionary exercise)

labels : 1. special uses of word 2. specific dialects 3. earlier uses in history of English 4. level of usage : literary-formal-slang

learning vocabulary

a student’s vocabulary reflects his experience of the language.

word formation = stem prefix suffix چندتا مثال بلد باشید با تعریف

(بقیه تمرینها را بخوانید)

صفحه 75

Fixing the meaning : 1. copy onto a card 2. pronounce aloud 3. other forms of the word 4. its part of speech 5. copy one definition 6. copy the sentence 7. etymology 8. review your vocabulary

outline

outline and the purposes : is an organized list of related items or ideas , grouping together things that r similar in some selected way.

1. in writing , to organize and present your ideas effectively

2. in reading , to analyze organization of ideas

1. topic outline : the grammatical form of each topic is parallel. Roman numerals use infinitives . subtopics use participle form . ( no period at end/ capital letter start distance of margin)

2. sentence outline: sentences short and to the point. ( more detailed than topic one)

rule of outline : example : І.

(1)

(2)

(3)

به نظرم تمرینات این بخش را بخوانید

Expository writing : u expose facts or ideas by presenting , explaining or interpreting them in organized way.

Reading

The ability to see words on either side of the point at which your eyes focus is called peripheral vision.

Slow reading results from regression, the number of times your eyes have to go back to a word or phrase that they did not see accurately the first time.

A final cause of slow reading is vocalizing, that is, forming the sounds of each word, even though they may not be spoken aloud.

Find a balance between reading speed and reading comprehension and adjust your speed to the difficulty of the reading materials.

صفحه 101

If we know the organization it improves our reading skill

Categorize in parts 1. main idea 2. supporting detail

Paragraphs of analysis : topic is broken down into causes, effects, reasons, methods, purposes. Deductive = move from general to particular inductive= vice versa

Analogy : reducing the topic to a common, easily comprehended situation.

The exercises r important

References : references substitute for other words, refer back to words or ideas have already been expressed or forward.

Connectives : These words or phrases connect ideas together to indicate result, contrast or addition. Help to read more fast.

Learn the connectives like ( therefore, thus, hence,……..)

Skimming : 1. to locate a specific word, fact or idea quickly 2. to get a general impression of the material

Exercises r not important

Textbook : 1. title page 2. preface(introduction) 3. table of contents 4. text ( section headings-summation-exercises) 5. glossary ( technical terms) 6. bibliography ( author’s sources ) 7. index ( major persons-places-…book contains)

Textbook exercises r a little important ! just read them

Reading the assignments : SQ3R

1. Survey : skim quickly over the topic headings get a general information

2. Question : ask about what you’ve read

3. Read: as fast as possible

4. Recite: recite to yourself the important points

5. Review : summarize main idea

Footnote : first name , last name, title, publisher, date, page number

Titles of books r italicized

Titles of articles are short poems within quotation

Ibid. : in the same place

Op. cit : in the work cited

Tables : display various kinds of info in columns, useful for quick reference.

Bar Graph : bars r used instead of dots and lines

Circle Graph: a circle represents the total of some specific info

Line Graph : illustrates relationship between at least 2 things . on of which is measured on a vertical axis, and the other on horizontal axis.

Exercises r not important

making notes

forms : 1. outline 2. summaries of series of questions

notebook : large loose-leaf one, separate by divider to insert new ones and rearrange the order. Make it in ink-leave a wide margin.

Making notes: 1. distinguish the importance of info

2.decide and write rapidly

3. Abbreviation system

Lecture notes : a good lecturer uses his words, his voice and his body to present his idea

Words : verbal cues

Voice : vocal underlining-varying the pace, pitch, volume of his speech-pause before important points

The notes : recopy? If poor and worthless, if wish type to review

Should not be written in native language because it requires simultaneous translation

Problems :

1. lecturer digresses : stop and revise your note and listen

2. lecturer mumbles : be more attentive-listen for important points- disregard regression, repetitions

3. lecturer accent : mix with native- speaking classmates

4. lecturer unfamiliar idioms : write it down – look it up

و در اینجا نوشته هایم تمام می شود. در مورد بخش کتابخانه فقط استفاده از آن و انواع کارتها را بشناسید کافیست.به خدا تمرینهاش مهم نیست.تمرینهای بخش 5 هم همینطور. اینها فقط پیشنهادات من بود . امیدوارم مفید باشد . مرسی . موفق باشید

+ نوشته شده در جمعه پنجم بهمن 1386time 11:43 by Amin Davoudi |

pronunciation of STANZA

در این قسمت فایل mp3 تلفظ stanza را برای دانلود گذاشتم.

نکته مهم: برای دانلود تلفظ british روی تصویر مقابل کلیک کنید

نکته مهم: برای دانلود فایل با تلفظ American آدرس زیر را کلیک کنید.اما متاسفانه این آدرس که دانلود

تلفظ American می باشد بعضی اوقات با مشکل مواجه است و به صورت کامل دانلود نمی شود و هر چه

قدرهم تلاش کردم هیچ کاریش نمیشه کرد.برای دانلود کلیک راست کرده و save target as را انتخاب کنید.

Stáhnout mp3

نکته مهم: همانطور که در بالا گفتم دانلود تلفظ با مشکلاتی مواجه است که به همین خاطردر زیر آدرس های

دیگری را قرار دادم که تلفظ در آن هرچند british به نظر میرسد ولی بعد از اینکه با چند نفر از بچه ها آن

را گوش دادیم متوجه شدیم غیر از تلفظ r در آخر کلمات تقریبا بقیه لغات به شیوه ای تلفظ شده که به تلفظ

همه ما خیلی نزدیکه پس حد اقل اگر تلفظ آمریکایی دانلود نشد این بریتیش از بریتیش اولی خیلی بهتر و قابل تحمل تره..

شما 12 آدرس را میبینید که هر کدام تلفظ هر12 پاراگراف است.پس برای دانلود حتما به ترتیب روی آدرس ها کلیک

کنید و تلفظ 12 پاراگراف را جداگانه دانلود کنید .

Pronunciation/DearestCreature1.rm

Pronunciation/DearestCreature3.rm

Pronunciation/DearestCreature4.rm

Pronunciation/DearestCreature5.rm

Pronunciation/DearestCreature6.rm

Pronunciation/DearestCreature7.rm

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Pronunciation/DearestCreature10.rm

Pronunciation/DearestCreature11.rm

Pronunciation/DearestCreature12.rm

و این هم متن تایپ شده stanza که می توانید ببینید.

The Chaos

Dr. Gerard Nolst Trenite

***************************************************************************

Dearest creature in creation,

Study English pronunciation.

I will teach you in my verse

Sounds like corpse, corps, horse, and worse.

I will keep you, Suzy, busy,

Make your head with heat grow dizzy.

Tear in eye, your dress will tear.

So shall I! Oh hear my prayer.

Pray, console your loving poet,

Make my coat look new, dear, sew it!

Just compare heart, beard, and heard,

Dies and diet, lord and word,

Sword and sward, retain and Britain.

(Mind the latter, how it’s written.)

Now I surely will not plague you

With such words as plaque and ague.

But be careful how you speak:

Say break and steak, but bleak and streak;

Cloven, oven, how and low,

Script, receipt, show, poem, and toe.

Hear me say, devoid of trickery,

Daughter, laughter, and Terpsichore,

Typhoid, measles, topsails, aisles,

Exiles, similes, and reviles;

Scholar, vicar, and cigar,

Solar, mica, war and far;

One, anemone, Balmoral,

Kitchen, lichen, laundry, laurel;

Gertrude, German, wind and mind,

Scene, Melpomene, mankind.

Billet does not rhyme with ballet,

Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet.

Blood and flood are not like food,

Nor is mould like should and would.

Viscous, viscount, load and broad,

Toward, to forward, to reward.

And your pronunciation’s OK

When you correctly say croquet,

Rounded, wounded, grieve and sieve,

Friend and fiend, alive and live.

Ivy, privy, famous; clamour

And enamour rhyme with hammer.

River, rival, tomb, bomb, comb,

Doll and roll and some and home.

Stranger does not rhyme with anger,

Neither does devour with clangour.

Souls but foul, haunt but aunt,

Font, front, wont, want, grand, and grant,

Shoes, goes, does. Now first say finger,

And then singer, ginger, linger,

Real, zeal, mauve, gauze, gouge and gauge,

Marriage, foliage, mirage, and age.

Query does not rhyme with very,

Nor does fury sound like bury.

Dost, lost, post and doth, cloth, loth.

Job, nob, bosom, transom, oath.

Though the differences seem little,

We say actual but victual.

Refer does not rhyme with deafer.

Foeffer does, and zephyr, heifer.

Mint, pint, senate and sedate;

Dull, bull, and George ate late.

Scenic, Arabic, Pacific,

Science, conscience, scientific.

Liberty, library, heave and heaven,

Rachel, ache, moustache, eleven.

We say hallowed, but allowed,

People, leopard, towed, but vowed.

Mark the differences, moreover,

Between mover, cover, clover;

Leeches, breeches, wise, precise,

Chalice, but police and lice;

Camel, constable, unstable,

Principle, disciple, label.

Petal, panel, and canal,

Wait, surprise, plait, promise, pal.

Worm and storm, chaise, chaos, chair,

Senator, spectator, mayor.

Tour, but our and succour, four.

Gas, alas, and Arkansas.

Sea, idea, Korea, area,

Psalm, Maria, but malaria.

Youth, south, southern, cleanse and clean.

Doctrine, turpentine, marine.

Compare alien with Italian,

Dandelion and battalion.

Sally with ally, yea, ye,

Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, and key.

Say aver, but ever, fever,

Neither, leisure, skein, deceiver.

Heron, granary, canary.

Crevice and device and aerie.

Face, but preface, not efface.

Phlegm, phlegmatic, ass, glass, bass.

Large, but target, gin, give, verging,

Ought, out, joust and scour, scourging.

Ear, but earn and wear and tear

Do not rhyme with here but ere.

Seven is right, but so is even,

Hyphen, roughen, nephew Stephen,

Monkey, donkey, Turk and jerk,

Ask, grasp, wasp, and cork and work.

Pronunciation—think of Psyche!

Is a paling stout and spikey?

Won’t it make you lose your wits,

Writing groats and saying grits?

It’s a dark abyss or tunnel:

Strewn with stones, stowed, solace, gunwale,

Islington and Isle of Wight,

Housewife, verdict and indict.

Finally, which rhymes with enough—

Though, through, plough, or dough, or cough?

Hiccough has the sound of cup.

My advice is to give up!!!

---

The Chaos (1922)

Dearest creature in creation

Studying English pronunciation,

I will teach you in my verse

Sounds like corpse, corps, horse and worse.

I will keep you, Susy, busy,

Make your head with heat grow dizzy;

Tear in eye, your dress you'll tear;

Queer, fair seer, hear my prayer.

Pray, console your loving poet,

Make my coat look new, dear, sew it!

Just compare heart, hear and heard,

Dies and diet, lord and word.

Sword and sward, retain and Britain

(Mind the latter how it's written).

Made has not the sound of bade,

Say-said, pay-paid, laid but plaid.

Now I surely will not plague you

With such words as vague and ague,

But be careful how you speak,

Say: gush, bush, steak, streak, break, bleak ,

Previous, precious, fuchsia, via

Recipe, pipe, studding-sail, choir;

Woven, oven, how and low,

Script, receipt, shoe, poem, toe.

Say, expecting fraud and trickery:

Daughter, laughter and Terpsichore,

Branch, ranch, measles, topsails, aisles,

Missiles, similes, reviles.

Wholly, holly, signal, signing,

Same, examining, but mining,

Scholar, vicar, and cigar,

Solar, mica, war and far.

From "desire": desirable-admirable from "admire",

Lumber, plumber, bier, but brier,

Topsham, brougham, renown, but known,

Knowledge, done, lone, gone, none, tone,

One, anemone, Balmoral,

Kitchen, lichen, laundry, laurel.

Gertrude, German, wind and wind,

Beau, kind, kindred, queue, mankind,

Tortoise, turquoise, chamois-leather,

Reading, Reading, heathen, heather.

This phonetic labyrinth

Gives moss, gross, brook, brooch, ninth, plinth.

Have you ever yet endeavoured

To pronounce revered and severed,

Demon, lemon, ghoul, foul, soul,

Peter, petrol and patrol?

Billet does not end like ballet;

Bouquet, wallet, mallet, chalet.

Blood and flood are not like food,

Nor is mould like should and would.

Banquet is not nearly parquet,

Which exactly rhymes with khaki.

Discount, viscount, load and broad,

Toward, to forward, to reward,

Ricocheted and crocheting, croquet?

Right! Your pronunciation's OK.

Rounded, wounded, grieve and sieve,

Friend and fiend, alive and live.

Is your r correct in higher?

Keats asserts it rhymes Thalia.

Hugh, but hug, and hood, but hoot,

Buoyant, minute, but minute.

Say abscission with precision,

Now: position and transition;

Would it tally with my rhyme

If I mentioned paradigm?

Twopence, threepence, tease are easy,

But cease, crease, grease and greasy?

Cornice, nice, valise, revise,

Rabies, but lullabies.

Of such puzzling words as nauseous,

Rhyming well with cautious, tortious,

You'll envelop lists, I hope,

In a linen envelope.

Would you like some more? You'll have it!

Affidavit, David, davit.

To abjure, to perjure. Sheik

Does not sound like Czech but ache.

Liberty, library, heave and heaven,

Rachel, loch, moustache, eleven.

We say hallowed, but allowed,

People, leopard, towed but vowed.

Mark the difference, moreover,

Between mover, plover, Dover.

Leeches, breeches, wise, precise,

Chalice, but police and lice,

Camel, constable, unstable,

Principle, disciple, label.

Petal, penal, and canal,

Wait, surmise, plait, promise, pal,

Suit, suite, ruin. Circuit, conduit

Rhyme with "shirk it" and "beyond it",

But it is not hard to tell

Why it's pall, mall, but Pall Mall.

Muscle, muscular, gaol, iron,

Timber, climber, bullion, lion,

Worm and storm, chaise, chaos, chair,

Senator, spectator, mayor,

Ivy, privy, famous; clamour

Has the a of drachm and hammer.

Pussy, hussy and possess,

Desert, but desert, address.

Golf, wolf, countenance, lieutenants

Hoist in lieu of flags left pennants.

Courier, courtier, tomb, bomb, comb,

Cow, but Cowper, some and home.

"Solder, soldier! Blood is thicker",

Quoth he, "than liqueur or liquor",

Making, it is sad but true,

In bravado, much ado.

Stranger does not rhyme with anger,

Neither does devour with clangour.

Pilot, pivot, gaunt, but aunt,

Font, front, wont, want, grand and grant.

Arsenic, specific, scenic,

Relic, rhetoric, hygienic.

Gooseberry, goose, and close, but close,

Paradise, rise, rose, and dose.

Say inveigh, neigh, but inveigle,

Make the latter rhyme with eagle.

Mind! Meandering but mean,

Valentine and magazine.

And I bet you, dear, a penny,

You say mani-(fold) like many,

Which is wrong. Say rapier, pier,

Tier (one who ties), but tier.

Arch, archangel; pray, does erring

Rhyme with herring or with stirring?

Prison, bison, treasure trove,

Treason, hover, cover, cove,

Perseverance, severance. Ribald

Rhymes (but piebald doesn't) with nibbled.

Phaeton, paean, gnat, ghat, gnaw,

Lien, psychic, shone, bone, pshaw.

Don't be down, my own, but rough it,

And distinguish buffet, buffet;

Brood, stood, roof, rook, school, wool, boon,

Worcester, Boleyn, to impugn.

Say in sounds correct and sterling

Hearse, hear, hearken, year and yearling.

Evil, devil, mezzotint,

Mind the z! (A gentle hint.)

Now you need not pay attention

To such sounds as I don't mention,

Sounds like pores, pause, pours and paws,

Rhyming with the pronoun yours;

Nor are proper names included,

Though I often heard, as you did,

Funny rhymes to unicorn,

Yes, you know them, Vaughan and Strachan.

No, my maiden, coy and comely,

I don't want to speak of Cholmondeley.

No. Yet Froude compared with proud

Is no better than McLeod.

But mind trivial and vial,

Tripod, menial, denial,

Troll and trolley, realm and ream,

Schedule, mischief, schism, and scheme.

Argil, gill, Argyll, gill. Surely

May be made to rhyme with Raleigh,

But you're not supposed to say

Piquet rhymes with sobriquet.

Had this invalid invalid

Worthless documents? How pallid,

How uncouth he, couchant, looked,

When for Portsmouth I had booked!

Zeus, Thebes, Thales, Aphrodite,

Paramour, enamoured, flighty,

Episodes, antipodes,

Acquiesce, and obsequies.

Please don't monkey with the geyser,

Don't peel 'taters with my razor,

Rather say in accents pure:

Nature, stature and mature.

Pious, impious, limb, climb, glumly,

Worsted, worsted, crumbly, dumbly,

Conquer, conquest, vase, phase, fan,

Wan, sedan and artisan.

The th will surely trouble you

More than r, ch or w.

Say then these phonetic gems:

Thomas, thyme, Theresa, Thames.

Thompson, Chatham, Waltham, Streatham,

There are more but I forget 'em-

Wait! I've got it: Anthony,

Lighten your anxiety.

The archaic word albeit

Does not rhyme with eight-you see it;

With and forthwith, one has voice,

One has not, you make your choice.

Shoes, goes, does *. Now first say: finger;

Then say: singer, ginger, linger.

Real, zeal, mauve, gauze and gauge,

Marriage, foliage, mirage, age,

Hero, heron, query, very,

Parry, tarry fury, bury,

Dost, lost, post, and doth, cloth, loth,

Job, Job, blossom, bosom, oath.

Faugh, oppugnant, keen oppugners,

Bowing, bowing, banjo-tuners

Holm you know, but noes, canoes,

Puisne, truism, use, to use?

Though the difference seems little,

We say actual, but victual,

Seat, sweat, chaste, caste, Leigh, eight, height,

Put, nut, granite, and unite.

Reefer does not rhyme with deafer,

Feoffer does, and zephyr, heifer.

Dull, bull, Geoffrey, George, ate, late,

Hint, pint, senate, but sedate.

Gaelic, Arabic, pacific,

Science, conscience, scientific;

Tour, but our, dour, succour, four,

Gas, alas, and Arkansas.

Say manoeuvre, yacht and vomit,

Next omit, which differs from it

Bona fide, alibi

Gyrate, dowry and awry.

Sea, idea, guinea, area,

Psalm, Maria, but malaria.

Youth, south, southern, cleanse and clean,

Doctrine, turpentine, marine.

Compare alien with Italian,

Dandelion with battalion,

Rally with ally; yea, ye,

Eye, I, ay, aye, whey, key, quay!

Say aver, but ever, fever,

Neither, leisure, skein, receiver.

Never guess-it is not safe,

We say calves, valves, half, but Ralf.

Starry, granary, canary,

Crevice, but device, and eyrie,

Face, but preface, then grimace,

Phlegm, phlegmatic, ass, glass, bass.

Bass, large, target, gin, give, verging,

Ought, oust, joust, and scour, but scourging;

Ear, but earn; and ere and tear

Do not rhyme with here but heir.

Mind the o of off and often

Which may be pronounced as orphan,

With the sound of saw and sauce;

Also soft, lost, cloth and cross.

Pudding, puddle, putting. Putting?

Yes: at golf it rhymes with shutting.

Respite, spite, consent, resent.

Liable, but Parliament.

Seven is right, but so is even,

Hyphen, roughen, nephew, Stephen,

Monkey, donkey, clerk and jerk,

Asp, grasp, wasp, demesne, cork, work.

A of valour, vapid vapour,

S of news (compare newspaper),

G of gibbet, gibbon, gist,

I of antichrist and grist,

Differ like diverse and divers,

Rivers, strivers, shivers, fivers.

Once, but nonce, toll, doll, but roll,

Polish, Polish, poll and poll.

Pronunciation-think of Psyche!-

Is a paling, stout and spiky.

Won't it make you lose your wits

Writing groats and saying "grits"?

It's a dark abyss or tunnel

Strewn with stones like rowlock, gunwale,

Islington, and Isle of Wight,

Housewife, verdict and indict.

Don't you think so, reader, rather,

Saying lather, bather, father?

Finally, which rhymes with enough,

Though, through, bough, cough, hough, sough, tough??

Hiccough has the sound of sup...

My advice is: GIVE IT UP!

+ نوشته شده در سه شنبه بیست و هفتم آذر 1386time 19:45 by Amin Davoudi |

حفظ دیالوگها

این هم دیالوگ هایی که باید برای درس گفت و شنود استاد حبیبی حفظ کنیم.

اصطلاحات دیالوگ ها هم نوشته شده است.

تاریخ امتحان روز سه شنبه20/9/86

امتحان در کلاس خواندن انجام میشود.موفق باشید.و یک نکته مهم اگر فونت این دیالوگ ها و یا رنگش تا حدودی آزار دهنده بود ببخشید.چون من از اینترنت گرفتم و به هیچ وجه هم نشد که تغییر بدم.مگر که دوباره تایپ می کردم که کار بی خودی بود.به بزرگی خود ببخشید.

امین داودی

Lesson 1

Bob’s Day At Work

Bob works as a manager in a furniture store.

Peter, his boss, is

not happy about sales. Bob’s new advertising

campaign hasn’t

helped. Peter decides to fire him.

Bob trabaja de encargado en una tienda de

muebles. Peter, su

jefe, no está satisfecho con las ventas. La nueva

campaña

publicitaria de Bob no ha ayudado. Peter decide

despedirlo.

Peter: Bob, I hate to break the news, but our sales

were down

again last month.

Bob:

Down again, Peter?

Peter: Yeah. These days, everybody’s shopping at

our competi-

tion, Honest Abe’s Furniture Store.

Bob:

But everything in there costs an arm and a leg!

Peter: That’s true. They do charge top dollar.

Bob:

And their salespeople are very strange. They really

give

me the creeps!

Peter: Well, they must be doing something right

over there.

Meanwhile, we’re about to go belly-up.

Bob:

I’m sorry to hear that. I thought my new advertising

campaign would save the day.

Page 2

Speak English Like an American for Native Spanish

Speakers

copyrighted material - sample page

Peter: Let’s face it: your advertising campaign was

a real flop.

Bob: Well then I’ll go back to the drawing board.

Peter: It’s too late for that. You’re fired!

Bob: What? You’re giving me the ax?

Peter: Yes. I’ve already found a new manager.

She’s as sharp

as a tack.

Bob: Can’t we even talk this over? After all, I’ve

been

working here for 10 years!

Peter: There’s no point in arguing, Bob. I’ve

already made up

my mind.

Bob: Oh well, at least I won’t have to put up with

your

nonsense anymore! Good-bye to you and good-bye

this dead-end job.

Peter: Please leave before I lose my temper!

IDIOMS – LESSON 1

about to – ready to; on the verge of

a punto de, listo para

EXAMPLE

: It’s a good thing Bob left the furniture store when he did.

Peter

was so angry, he was about to throw a dining room chair at

him.

after all – despite everything; when everything has

been considered

después de todo, a pesar de todo

EXAMPLE

: You’d better invite Ed to your party. After all, he’s a good

friend.

at least – anyway

por lo menos

EXAMPLE

: We’ve run out of coffee, but at least we still have tea.

OTA

: La segunda definición de esta frase es “no menos de”:

There were

at least 300 people waiting in line to buy concert tickets.

Page 3

Speak English Like an American for Native Spanish

Speakers

copyrighted material - sample page

(to) break the news – to make something known

dar la noticia

EXAMPLE

: Samantha and Miguel are getting married, but they haven’t

yet

broken the news to their parents.

(to) cost an arm and a leg – to be very expensive

costar mucho, costar un ojo de la cara

EXAMPLE

: A college education in America costs an arm and a leg.

SYNONYMS

: to cost a small fortune; to cost a pretty penny

dead-end job – a job that won’t lead to anything

else

trabajo sin perspectivas de futuro, trabajo sin

futuro

EXAMPLE

: Diane realized that working as a cashier was a dead-end

job.

(let’s) face it – accept a difficult reality

aceptar algo difícil, asumirlo

EXAMPLE

: Let’s face it, if Ted spent more time studying, he wouldn’t

failing so many of his classes!

(to) give one the creeps – to stir in someone a

feeling of

disgust or horror

darle repugnancia

EXAMPLE

: Ted’s friend Matt has seven earrings in each ear and an “I

Love Mom” tattoo on his arm. He really gives Nicole the

creeps.

(to) go back to the drawing board – to start a task

over

because the last try failed; to start again from the

beginning

volver a empezar desde el principio

EXAMPLE

: Nobody liked the architect’s plan for the house, so he had to

go back to the drawing board.

(to) go belly-up – to go bankrupt

quedar en bancarrota

EXAMPLE

: Many people lost their jobs when Enron went belly-up.

(to) give someone the ax – to fire someone

despedir

EXAMPLE

: Mary used to talk to her friends on the phone all day, until

one

day her boss finally gave her the ax.

SYNONYMS

: to send someone packing; to can someone; to let someone

Page 4

Speak English Like an American for Native Spanish

Speakers

copyrighted material - sample page

(to) lose one’s temper – to become very angry

perder la paciencia

EXAMPLE

: Bob always loses his temper when his kids start talking on

the

telephone during dinner.

SYNONYMS

: to hit the roof; to blow one’s top; to blow a fuse

(to) make up one’s mind – to reach a decision

decidirse

EXAMPLE

: Stephanie couldn’t make up her mind whether to attend

Harvard or Stanford. Finally, she chose Stanford.

no point in – no reason to; it’s not worth (doing

something)

no hay motivo para, no vale la pena

EXAMPLE

: There’s no point in worrying about things you can’t

change.

(to) put up with – to endure without complaint

soportar, aguantar

EXAMPLE

: For many years, Barbara put up with her husband’s

annoying

and obnoxious behavior. Finally, she decided to leave him.

real flop or flop – a failure

fiasco, fracaso

EXAMPLE

: The Broadway play closed after just 10 days – it was a real

flop!

(to) save the day – to prevent a disaster

impedir un desastre

EXAMPLE

: The Christmas tree was on fire, but Ted threw water on it

and

saved the day.

(as) sharp as a tack – very intelligent

muy perspicaz, muy inteligente

EXAMPLE

: Jay scored 100% on his science test. He’s as sharp as a

tack.

(to) talk over – to discuss

discutir, hablar de

EXAMPLE

: David and I spent hours talking over the details of the plan.

top dollar – the highest end of a price range; a lot

of money

mucho dinero

EXAMPLE

: Nicole paid top dollar for a pair of jeans at Banana

Republic.

+ نوشته شده در چهارشنبه چهاردهم آذر 1386time 0:4 by Amin Davoudi |

این هم تلفظ stanza مربوط به گروه A

Aاین هم کار گروهی گروه

لطفا گروه های دیگر هم هرچه سریعتر تلفظهای خود را در اختیار بقیه گروه ها بگذارند چون فرصت زیادی تا امتحان نمانده است.

Yazdan Choobsaz -Amin Davoudi- Kourosh Aryaei- Ali Salehi- Moslem Sang Sefidi

Dearest: /"dûërÂst $ "dûr-/ (noun): used when speaking to someone you love

Creature: /"kri:tÐë $ -ër/ (noun): anything that is living, such as an animal, fish, or insect, but not a plant

In: /ûn/ (preposition) : used with the name of a container, place, or area to say where someone or something is

Creation: /kri"eûÐÊn/ (noun) : act of creating something

Study: /"stšdi/ (verb) : to spend time reading, going to classes etc in order to learn about a subject

English: /"ûÅglûÐ/ (noun) : the language used in Britain, the US, Australia, and some other countries

Pronunciation: /prë;nšnsi"eûÐÊn/ (noun) : the way in which a language or a particular word is pronounced

I: /aû/ (pronoun) : used by the person speaking or writing to refer to himself or herself

Will: /wûl/ : (modal verb) : used to make future tenses

Teach: /ti:tÐ/ : (verb) : to give lessons in a school, college, or university, or to help someone learn about something by giving them information

You: /jë, j|; strong ju:/: (pronoun) : used to refer to a person or group of people when speaking or writing to them

In: /ûn/ : (preposition) : used with the name of a container, place, or area to say where someone or something is

My: /maû/ : (determiner ) : used by the person who is speaking to show that something belongs to or is connected with himself or herself

Verse: /vî:s $ vî:rs/:(noun) : a set of lines that forms one part of a song, poem, or a book such as the Bible or the Koran

Sound: /sa|nd/ : (noun) : something that you hear, or what can be heard

Like: /laûk/ : (preposition) : similar to something else, or happening in the same way

Corpse: /ké:ps $ ké:rps/: (noun) : the dead body of a person

Corps: /ké: $ ké:r/: (noun) : a group in an army with special duties and responsibilities

Horse: /hé:s $ hé:rs/: (noun) : a large strong animal that people ride and use for pulling heavy things

And: /Ênd, Ên; strong ænd/ : (conjunction) : used to join two words, phrases etc referring to things that are related in some way

Worse: /wî:s $ wî:rs/ : (adjective) : more unpleasant, bad, or severe

I: /aû/ (pronoun) : used by the person speaking or writing to refer to himself or herself

Will: /wûl/ : (modal verb) : used to make future tenses

Keep: /ki:p/ : (verb) : to stay in a particular state, condition, or position, or to make someone or something do this

You: /jë, j|; strong ju:/: (pronoun) : used to refer to a person or group of people when speaking or writing to them

Busy: /"bûzi/ : (adjective) : if you are busy, you are working hard and have a lot of things to do:

Make: /meûk/ : (verb) : to produce something, for example by putting the different parts of it together

Your: /jë; strong jé: $ jër; strong jé:r/: (determiner) : used when speaking or writing to one or more people to show that something belongs to them or is connected with them

Head: /hed/ : (noun) : the top part of your body that has your face at the front and is supported by your neck

With: /wûð, wûØ/ : (preposition) : used to say that two or more people or things are together in the same place

Heat: /hi:t/ (noun) : warmth or the quality of being hot:

Ice needs heat to melt

Grow: /grë| $ gro|/: (verb): to increase in amount, size, number, or strength

Dizzy:/"dûzi/ : (adjective) : feeling unable to stand steadily, for example because you are looking down from a high place or because you are ill

Tear: /tûë $ tûr/ : (noun) : a drop of salty liquid that comes out of your eye when you are crying

In: /ûn/ (preposition) : used with the name of a container, place, or area to say where someone or something is

Eye: /aû/ :(noun) : one of the two parts of the body that you use to see with

Your: /jë; strong jé: $ jër; strong jé:r/: (determiner) : used when speaking or writing to one or more people to show that something belongs to them or is connected with them

Dress: /dres/ : (noun): a piece of clothing worn by a woman or girl that covers the top of her body and part or all of her legs

Will: /wûl/ : (modal verb) : used to make future tenses

Tear: /teë $ ter/ : (verb): to damage something such as paper or cloth by pulling it hard or letting it touch something sharp

So: /së| $ so|/ : (adverb) : used to emphasize how great a feeling or quality is, or how large an amount is

Shall: /ÐÊl; strong Ðæl/: (modal verb): used to make a suggestion, or ask a question that you want the other person to decide about

I: /aû/ (pronoun) : used by the person speaking or writing to refer to himself or herself

Oh: /ë| $ o|/: (interjection): used when you want to get someone's attention or continue what you are saying

Hear: /hûë $ hûr/ : (verb): to know that a sound is being made, using your ears

My: /maû/ : (determiner ) : used by the person who is speaking to show that something belongs to or is connected with himself or herself

Prayer: /preë $ prer/ (verb) : words that you say when praying to God or gods

Petal: /"petl/ :(noun) : one of the colored parts of a flower that are shaped like leaves

Panel: /"pænl/:(noun) : a group of people with skills or specialist knowledge who have been chosen to give advice or opinions on a particular subject

And: /Ênd, Ên; strong ænd/ : (conjunction) : used to join two words, phrases etc referring to things that are related in some way

Canal: /kë"næl/ :(noun) : a long passage dug into the ground and filled with water, either for boats to travel along, or to take water to a place

Wait: /weût/ :( verb): to stay somewhere or not do something until something else happens, someone arrives etc

Surprise: /së"praûz $ sër-/ : (noun) : an unexpected or unusual event

What a surprise to find you here

Plait: /plæt $ pleût, plæt/ : (verb) : to twist three long pieces of hair or rope over and under each other to make one long piece

Promise: /"prãmÂs $ "prä:-/: (verb) : to tell someone that you will definitely do or provide something or that something will happen

Pal: /pæl/: (noun): a close friend

Worm: /wî:m $ wî:rm/ :(noun): a long thin creature with no bones and no legs that lives in soil

And: /Ênd, Ên; strong ænd/ : (conjunction) : used to join two words, phrases etc referring to things that are related in some way

Storm: /sté:m $ sté:rm/ :(noun) : a period of very bad weather when there is a lot of rain or snow, strong winds, and often

Chaise: /;Ðeûz / :(noun) : a long chair with an arm only at one end, which you can sit on and stretch your legs out

Chaos: /"keû-ãs $ -ä:s/ : (noun) : a situation in which everything is happening in a confused way and nothing is organized or arranged in order

Chair: /tÐeë $ tÐer/ : (noun) : a piece of furniture for one person to sit on, which has a back, a seat, and four legs

Senator: /"senëtë $ -tër/ :(noun) : a member of the Senate or a senate

Spectator: /spek"teûtë $ "spekteûtër/ :(noun) : someone who is watching an event or game

Mayor: /meë $ "meûër/ : (noun) : the person who has been elected to lead the government of a town or city

Tour: /t|ë $ t|r/ : (noun) : a journey for pleasure, during which you visit several different towns, areas etc

But: /bët; strong bšt/ :(conjunction) : used to connect two statements or phrases when the second one adds something different or seems surprising after the first one

Our: /a|ë $ a|r/ :(determiner) : belonging to or connected with us

And: /Ênd, Ên; strong ænd/ : (conjunction) : used to join two words, phrases etc referring to things that are related in some way

Succour: /"sškë $ -ër/ : (noun) : to give help and sympathy someone

Four: /fé: $ fé:r/ :(noun) : the number 4

Gas: /gæs/ :(noun) : a substance such as air, which is not solid or liquid, and usually cannot be seen

Alas: /ë"læs/: (adverb) : used when mentioning a fact that you wish was not true

Sea: /si:/ :(noun) : the large area of salty water that covers much of the earth's surface

Idea: /aû"dûë/ :(noun) : a plan or suggestion for a possible course of action, especially one that you think of suddenly

Area: /"eërië $ "erië/ : (noun) : a particular part of a country, town etc

Psalm: /sä:m $ sä:m, sä:lm/ : (noun) : a song or poem praising God, especially in the Bible

But: /bët; strong bšt/ :(conjunction) : used to connect two statements or phrases when the second one adds something different or seems surprising after the first one

Malaria: /më"leërië $ -"ler-/ : (noun) : a disease that is common in hot countries and that you get when a type of mosquito bites you

Youth: /ju:Ø/ : (noun) : the period of time when someone is young, especially the period when someone is a teenager

South: /sa|Ø/ : (noun) : the direction that is at the bottom of a map of the world, below the Equator. It is on the right if you are facing the rising sun

Southern: /"sšðën $ -ërn/ : (adjective) : in or from the south of a country or area

Cleanse: /klenz/ : (verb):to make something completely clean

And: /Ênd, Ên; strong ænd/ : (conjunction) : used to join two words, phrases etc referring to things that are related in some way

Clean: /kli:n/ : (adjective) : without any dirt, marks etc

Doctrine: /"dãktrÂn $ "dä:k-/: (noun): a set of beliefs that form an important part of a religion or system of ideas

Turpentine: /"tî:pëntaûn $ "tî:r-/: (noun): a type of oil used for making paint more liquid or removing it from clothes, brushes etc

Marine: /më"ri:n/ : (adjective) : relating to the sea and the creatures that live there

Pronunciation: /prë;nšnsi"eûÐÊn/: (noun) : the way in which a language or a particular word is pronounced

Think: /ØûÅk/ : (verb) : to have a particular opinion or to believe that something is true

Of: /ëv, ë; strong ãv $ ëv, ë; strong $ ä:v/: (preposition): used to show what a part belongs to or comes from

Psyche: /"saûki/: (noun) : someone's mind, or their deepest feelings, which control their attitudes and behavior

Is: /s, z, ëz; strong ûz/: (verb) : the third person singular of the present tense of BE

A: /ë; strong eû/ : (determiner) : used to show that you are talking about someone or something that has not been mentioned before, or that your listener does not know about

Paling: /"peûlûÅ/ : (noun) : a wooden or metal post that is pointed at the top, or a fence made of these posts

Stout: /sta|t/ : (adjective) : fairly fat and heavy, or having a thick body

And: /Ênd, Ên; strong ænd/ : (conjunction) : used to join two words, phrases etc referring to things that are related in some way

Spiky: /"spaûki/ : (adjective) : hair that is spiky is stiff and stands up on top of your head

Won't: /wë|nt $ wo|nt/ : the short form of 'will not'

It: /ût/ : (pronoun) : used to refer to a thing, animal, situation, idea etc that has already been

Make: /meûk/ : (verb) : to produce something, for example by putting the different parts of it together

You: /jë, j|; strong ju:/: (pronoun) : used to refer to a person or group of people when speaking or writing to them

Lose: /lu:z/ : (verb) : to stop having a particular attitude, quality, ability etc, or to gradually have less of it

Your: /jë; strong jé: $ jër; strong jé:r/: (determiner) : used when speaking or writing to one or more people to show that something belongs to them or is connected with them

Wits: /wût/ : (noun) : the ability to say things that are clever and amusing

Writing: /"raûtûÅ/ : (noun) : words that have been written or printed

Groat: /grë|t $ gro|t/ : (noun) : a former British coin that had a low value

And: /Ênd, Ên; strong ænd/ : (conjunction) : used to join two words, phrases etc referring to things that are related in some way

Saying: /"seû-ûÅ/ : (noun) : to express an idea, feeling, thought etc using words

Grits: /grût/ : (noun) : very small pieces of stone or sand

لطفا نظر فراموش نشه

+ نوشته شده در شنبه دهم آذر 1386time 19:56 by Amin Davoudi |

برنامه امتحانات

این هم برنامه امتحانات پایان ترم اول

شنبه:15/10/86 = ساعت 30/8-10 معارف(1)***ساعت 16-18 اخلاق اسلامی

چهارشنبه 19/10/86 = ساعت 14-16 خواندن(1)

یکشنبه 23/10/86 = ساعت 30/8-10 فنون یادگیری

پنج شنبه 27/10/86 = ساعت 30/8-10 دستور نگارش(1)

تذکر بسیار مهم:برای کسب اطمینان لطفا شخصا به گروه زبان مراجعه و برنامه امتحانات را چک کنید، چون منبع این برنامه جدولیست که در سالن گروه زبان روی تابلو اعلانات قرار داده شده.

پس هرگونه تغییرات احتمالی در برنامه امتحانات را از طریق گروه زبان پیگیری کنید.

لطفا نظر فراموش نشه

+ نوشته شده در شنبه دهم آذر 1386time 19:51 by Amin Davoudi |

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Hi, welcome, enjoy

Yesterday is but a dream tomorrow is only a vision. But today, well lived, makes every yesterday a dream of happiness, and every tomorrow a vision of hope. Look well, therefore, to this day, for it is life, the very life of life .